Cyber Crimes as Emerging Global Threats: Nigerian Context
Abstract
Cyber crimes as emerging global threats across the globe. The paper aimed to examine the factors that derive individual to engage into the phenomenon of cyber crime as a global threat which has negative effect on populace of the world from internet arena. The emerging trend of cybercrimes have made various people vulnerable especially the internet navies due to the lack of cybercrime knowledge in the society. These emerging cyber threats are committed in on daily basis irrespective of gender, ages, youths and adolescent who are usually perpetrate so-called cybercrime phenomenon. This research depends upon secondary source or desk review data that will be generated via printed materials such as textbooks, book chapters, newspapers, magazines, journal articles, and periodicals, among others. The findings of the study revealed that the advent of social media such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Tweeter among others have dramatically become an analogy for unique forms of crime in the cyber space which are committed in daily basic. Also the porous nature of the internet give room for criminal minded from open society to cyber world to perpetrate any such of criminal behaviour in the cyber space. The study recommended that, the internet services (ISPs) should monitor suspicious activities of individual’s online and alert relevant law enforcement authorities. Furthermore, the Interpol and other agencies that are responsible for combating cybercrime should censor the use of the social media platform in the global village which will enable to curb criminal minded individuals across the globe.
Keywords
Cyber Crime
Cyber Defamation
Cyber Stalking
Cyber Hate Speech Cyber Bullying
References
Abdullah, A.M. & Jahan, I. (2020). Challenges of Cyber Policing in Response of Cybercrime to Reduce Victimization. International Journal of Research and Innovation In Social Science (IJRISS), IV(V), 219-226. Abu-Ulbeh,W., Altalhi, M., Abualigah, L., Almazroi, A.A., Sumari, P., Gandomi, A.H. (2021).Cyberstalking Victimization Model Using Criminological Theory: A Systematic Literature Review, Taxonomies, Applications, Tools, and Validations. Electronics, 10, Adesina, O.S. (2017). Cybercrime and Poverty in Nigeria: Canadian Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 19-29. Adeta, K.A. (2014). Patterns and Consequences of Cyber-Crime in Tertiary Institutions in Zaria: A thesis Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master Degree in Sociology. Apuke, O.D. & Apollos, I.N. (2017). Public Perception of the Role of Facebook usage in Political Campaigns in Nigeria. International Journal of Community Development & Management Studies, 1, 85-102 Ben-David, A.B., & Fernandez, A.M. (2016). Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10, 1167–1193 Betancourt, A. (2016). Do Cyber Victimization and Traditional Victimization Form Separate Factors? Evidence from a Preliminary Study. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(4), 296-300. Brenner, S.W. (2007). At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare: Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97(2), 379-476. Carlton, A. (2020). Sextortion: The Hybrid "Cyber-Sex" Crime. North Carolina Journal of Law and Technology, 177. https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/vol21/iss3/5 Chatzinikolaou, A. & Lievens, E. (2019). Towards a Legal Qualifcaton of Online Sexual Acts in which Children are Involved: Constructng a Typology. European Journal of Law and Technology, 10(1), 1-25. CIFAS (2012). The UK’s Fraud Prevention Service. Availableat: http://www.cifas.org.uk/ Council of Europe (CoE). Cyber Crime Prohibition and Prevention Act, (2015). By Nigerian Government. David, M. J. L., Matthew A. B., Yochai Benkler, A.J., Berinsky, K. M., Greenhill, F. M., Miriam J. M., Brendan, N., Gordon P., David R., Michael, S., Steven A. S., Cass, R. S., Emily, A. T., Duncan J. W. & Jonathan, L. Z. (2018). The science of fake news: Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort. Science 359 (6380), 1094-1096. DeMarco, J., Sharrock, S., Crowther, T. & Benard, M. (2018). Behaviour and Characteristics of Perpetrators of Online-facilitated Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. NatCen Social Research. Edwards, M., Peersman, C., & Rashid, A. (2017). Scamming the Scammers: Towards Automatic Detection of Persuasion in Advance Fee Frauds. International World Wide Web Conference Committee (IW3C2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053889 Geeng, C., Yee, S. & Roesner, F. (2020). Fake News on Facebook and Twitter: Investigating How People (Don’t) Investigate. CHI Paper 655, 1-14 Ghosh, G. (1999). Gray Markets in Cyberspace. J. Intell. Prop. L 7 (1), 1-55. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/jipl/vol7/iss1/2 Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2016). Celebrities and Cyber Crimes: An Analysis of the Victimization of Female Film Stars on the Internet. Temida, 19(3-4), 355-372. Harkin, D., Whelan, C. & Chang, L. (2018). The challenges facing specialist cyber-crime units: an empirical analysis. Police Practice and Research, 19(6), 519-536. Henry, N., Powell, A. & Flynn, A. (2017). Not Just ‘Revenge Pornography’: Australians’ Experiences of Image-Based Abuse. A Summary Report. RMIT University. Ibekwe, C.C., Onyima, B.N. & Onyilofor, T.U. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic and Proliferation of Ponzi Schemes in Nigeria Cyberspace. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 5(2), 414-430. Ibrahim, S. (2016).Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 47, 44-57. Jaishankar (2011). Expanding Cyber Criminology with an Avant-Garde Anthology. In Jaishankar (Ed.), Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet crimes and criminal behavior (pp. xxvii– xxxv): CRC Press. Jaishankar K (2008). Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes. In Schmallager F, Pittaro M (Eds.), Crimes of the Internet (pp. 283-301):Prentice Hall Jaishankar, K. (2008). Space transition theory of cybercrimes, crimes of the internet. Pearson Publishers. ISBN-13:978-0-13-231886-0 pp.283-299 Leukfeldt, ER, Yar, M (2016) Applying Routine Activity Theoryto Cybercrime: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, Deviant Behavior, 37(3), 263-280. Loong, A.C.J. (2014). Cyberstalking on Facebook: Examining the Relationship between Facebook Usage Characteristics and Cyberstalking Victimization among Young Malaysian Facebook Users. A dissertation submitted to the Department of Internet Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Information Systems. Matlhare, B., Faimau, G. & Sechele, L. (2020). Risk Perception and Knowledge of Cybercrime and its Preventive Strategies among Youth at the University of Botswana. Mosenodi Journal, 23(1) 99-113. Michael, A.K, Boniface, A.K. & Olamide, A.S. (2014). Mitigating Cybercrime and Online Social Networks Threats in Nigeria: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, 1, n.p. Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D., Jones, L.M. & Wolak, J. (2012). Prevalence and Characteristics of Youth Sexting: A National Study. PEDIATRICS, 129 (1), 13-20. Mohamed Ali Saeh, (2012). Online Defamation and Intermediaries ‘Liability: International‘ (Social Science Research Network 20 December 2012)SSRN Scholarly Paper 14 Mohammed A.N.A., Imam, & Goni .I. Usman., (2020). Cyber Stalking Victimization among Undergraduate Students in Yobe State University, Damaturu-Nigeria Jalingo Journal of Social and Management Sciences Volume 2, Number 4 September, 2020 ISSN 2659-0131 Ndubueze, P.N. (2020). Cybercrime and Legislation in an African Context. In Holt, TJ, Bossler, AM (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_74 Ndubueze, P.N. (2020). Cybercrime and Legislation in an African Context. In Holt, TJ, Bossler, AM (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3-74 Ngo. F. (2020). Social Media: The Unseen Risks of Cybercrimes. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Anna Maria College Anna Maria College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice. Nilsson, M.G., Tzani-Pepelasis, C., Ioannou, M. & Lester, D. (2018). Understanding the Link between Sextortion and Suicide. Olusola, M., Samson, O., Semiu, A. & Yinka, A. (2013). Cyber Crimes and Cyber Laws in Nigeria. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2(4), 19-25. Olayemi, O.J. (2014). Combating the Menace of Cybercrime: International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 3 (6), 980-982. Quayle, E., Allegro, S., Hutton, L., Sheath, M., & Loof, L. (2014). Rapid skill acquisition and online sexual grooming of children: Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 368–375. Peterson, J. K. & Densley, J. (2017). Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here? College of Liberal Arts All Faculty Scholarship. http://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/cla_faculty/5 Shabnam, N., Faruk, O. & Kamruzzaman, M.D. (2016). Underlying Causes of Cyber-Criminality and Vict
